PCOS
PCOS means polycystic ovarian syndrome, where many small cysts filled with fluid are seen in the ovaries. PCOS is an ovarian disorder having effects on all body systems.
PCOS is common and affects 10 to 20% of all reproductive-age females.
Common symptoms
Irregular menstruation
Infertility
Increase in male pattern hormones leading to increase in facial and body hair, (hirsutism), male pattern baldness – sparse hair,pimples
Tendency for obesity end metabolic problems like disturbed lipid profile and impaired glucose tolerance.
Increased chances of miscarriage
In PCOS, the ovarian environment is not conducive for egg growth and ovulation. There are many small follicles, however they don’t mature and don’t ovulate. Many times but not always, cysts are arranged in a necklace pattern near the outer wall of the ovaries with thick marrow inside. This sonographic appearance of multiple cysts in the ovary/ovaries gives the name polycystic ovaries. When the effects are also seen on other body systems it called polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Causes of PCOS
Hormonal Imbalance
- Androgen Excess: High levels of male hormones cause symptoms like excess hair growth and acne.
- Insulin Resistance: Insulin resistance leads to increased insulin and androgen levels.
- Low-Grade Inflammation: Chronic inflammation may contribute to elevated androgen production.
Genetic Factors
PCOS can be inherited, meaning a family history of PCOS or related conditions increases the risk.
Environmental Factors
Lifestyle choices, including diet and physical activity, along with exposure to environmental toxins, can influence the development of PCOS.
Obesity
Obesity exacerbates insulin resistance and PCOS symptoms, although it is not a direct cause.
Diagnosis
For reproductive age women, diagnosis of PCOS requires the presence of at least 2 of the following 3 features:
- Irregular menstrual period
- Increased male pattern hormones or their effects
- PCO appearance of ovary/ovaries on sonography
Treatment
Lifestyle modification is the first-line treatment. If women can achieve ideal body weight, it is the best. The ideal BMI is less than 22.5. Even a modest reduction of body weight of 5-10 % can improve ovulation.
Fertility treatments
Oral medicines
This can achieve ovulation in approximately 70 to 80% of women having PCOS. Average 50 to 60% of women with PCO can conceive with this treatment; the remaining may require advanced treatments.
Injection for egg growth
The hormones FSH & LH secreted from the pituitary gland in the brain regulate egg growth and ovulation. These hormones can be given an injection for egg growth. They can be particularly helpful when the patient does not conceive with oral medicines or does not ovulate with oral medicines. When using these injections, there is a chance of multiple egg development leading to ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) Read More. These multiple follicles may increase the chances of twins and higher-order multiple pregnancies. It is better to use these injections under the guidance of a fertility expert.
IUI (IntraUterine Insemination)
Injection of the husband’s prepared semen sample into the wife’s uterus at the time of ovulation is called IUI. The average success ratio of IUI is 12 to 16% in one cycle. Usually, up to 4 cycles are recommended Read More.
IVF-ICSI (In Vitro Fertilization)
IVF is a process where women’s eggs are fertilized with their partner’s sperm outside the body in an IVF lab. The resulting embryos are put back into women’s uterus.
IVF is particularly a better option in PCOS because of these unique advantages.
- During IVF, we have fine control of the number of embryos to be transferred. Thus, avoiding higher-order multiple pregnancies.
- We may have extra good quality embryos after transfer. These can be frozen and used later. Frozen embryos give equally good results as fresh embryos.
- We have many methods to reduce and control OHSS in an IVF cycle. In OHSS, multiple ovarian follicles produce ovarian hormones, which may make the uterus less conducive for implantation. With OHSS, if there is a pregnancy, there are chances of worsening of OHSS. IVF allows us a unique possibility to freeze all the embryos and transfer them back to an environment close to nature. Prudent use of frozen transfer in IVF can almost avoid all major effects of OHSS
Advantage BFI
BFI offers correct diagnosis and conservative management. We offer extensive individualized and customised treatment options which PCOS patients need the most. At BFI, PCO management is Simple, Safe, Smart and Successful.
Your problem may be fertility, miscarriages or any, get the best help.
FAQs
Women with PCOS are at higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure. They may also face increased risks of endometrial cancer due to irregular menstrual cycles.
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PCOS can lead to complications such as gestational diabetes and preeclampsia during pregnancy. Women with PCOS may also have a higher risk of preterm birth and may require more monitoring throughout their pregnancy.
While lifestyle changes like a healthy diet and regular exercise are beneficial, natural remedies alone are not sufficient. They should be used alongside medical treatments for comprehensive management.
Yes, a diet low in refined carbohydrates and high in fiber can help manage insulin levels. Including lean proteins, healthy fats, and plenty of fruits and vegetables is recommended.
Stress can exacerbate PCOS symptoms by affecting hormonal balance. Managing stress through techniques like mindfulness, yoga, and therapy can help improve overall symptom management.
Weight loss can significantly improve insulin sensitivity and help regulate menstrual cycles in women with PCOS. Even a modest weight reduction can have a positive impact on symptoms.
Women with PCOS often experience mental health challenges such as anxiety and depression due to symptoms like weight gain, acne, and hirsutism. Addressing these issues through counseling or therapy can be beneficial.
Yes, PCOS can be diagnosed in adolescents who have irregular periods, signs of excess androgen, or polycystic ovaries. Early diagnosis can help in managing symptoms effectively.
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